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         -- A Scalar is a Zero Vector -- 
                  Now
        let us look at the idea of a scalar. 
                  A
        "scalar" may in a general sense be considered as the sum of
        the "absolute values" of the individual vector components of a
        system of vectors whose observable resultant is zero.  That is, it
        represents the magnitude of the internal stress of a vector system, with
        the absence of a single observable directionality of the system. 
        It also follows that every scalar is actually a stressed zero vector,
        and every zero vector is a scalar. 
                  Thus we have
        four major types of scalars related to the four types of vectors: 
        
          
          
            
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                 (a) 
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                 (25) 
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                (b) 
              
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                (26) 
              
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                (c) 
              
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                (27) 
              
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                (d)
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                (28)
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        where S stands for scalar,  
        for vector, and subscript s for spatial, m for mass, and c for charged. 
                   For
        example, comparing equations (25) and (26), it can easily be seen that
        twice as many "point-motions" is not at all the same thing as
        twice as many "gram-mass-motions."  The two resulting
        vector systems are quite different. 
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